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NanOsc CryoFMR FMR Spectrometer
Coplanar Waveguide Ferromagnetic Resonance
The CryoFMR is the FMR spectrometer from NanoOsc. When combined with the Cryostation C2 system and Magneto-Optic module*, it can be used as a turn-key variable temperature Coplanar Waveguide Ferromagnetic Resonance (CPW-FMR) spectrometer. CPW-FMR is a spectroscopic technique that measures the coupling between an RF signal traveling in a coplanar waveguide and the oscillating magnetisation of a sample.
In turn, this can be used to determine the saturation magnetisation (Ms) or the gyromagnetic ratio (λ), in addition to parameters of the dynamic behaviour of the spin excitation, such as the intrinsic damping (α) and the inhomogeneous line broadening (ΔHo).
*also available through Quantum Design UK and Ireland (formerly LOT-QD)
No Vector Network Analyser is required as the system uses an AC a lock-in technique.
“Purchasing the CryoFMR system has enabled our group to branch out into spin wave measurements quickly and easily. Without prior experience running microwave/FMR measurements, the CryoFMR has allowed us to get a spin-wave research programme up and running with several resulting publications in a short period of time.
In addition to conventional thin-film measurements, the sensitivity of the CryoFMR has also allowed us to measure nanostructures – something which we’d previously struggled with using other experimental setups.
The technical support team are responsive and have continued to update the control software and add additional features. The system has been low-maintenance, easy to operate and I’d happily recommend it, especially to existing PPMS or MPMS owners.”
Dr Jack C. Gartside, Imperial College London
FEATURES
- 10-350 K temperature range
- 2-18 GHz frequency range
- AC field modulation via Helmholtz coils
- Includes Hall sensor assembly
- Coplanar waveguide with coaxial cables
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Applications
Diamond NV Centers in Cryogenic Systems
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centres in diamond have recently exploded onto the scientific research scene. NV centres are extremely stable and have unique optical properties that enable a wide range of applications. In the field of quantum information science, NV centres may act as single photon sources for quantum computing applications. NV centres have also been demonstrated as quantum assisted sensing devices to resolve nanoscale variations in magnetic fields, electric fields, strain, temperature, and pressure. In the biological realm, NV centres have proven to be excellent biomarkers with unlimited photostability and low cytotoxicity.
Quantum Computing in Cryogenic Systems
Quantum computing promises to deliver major advances in a wide variety of fields including simulations of the natural world, virtual quantum experiments, quantum cryptography, data communication systems, and new pharmaceutical drug search and design. These exciting research frontiers in quantum computing rely on two hallmarks of quantum physics, namely, the superposition of states and quantum interference.
Single Photon Emitters
The Sparrow Quantum Single-Photon Chip requires a suitable cryostat with optical access for effective use. Montana Instruments provides such a solution with the CryoOptic® product line. This application uses an integrated system including the interface optics for exciting the chip and efficiently extracting single photons. It also describes an optical filter and a correlation setup to demonstrate the single-photon nature of the emission. The complete setup is mounted in an enclosure with a compact footprint.
Spintronics: Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE)
The Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) and the Faraday effect describe the change in polarisation of incident light as it is reflected (or transmitted) by a magnetic material. These effects can be used for modulating the amplitude of light and form the basis of optical isolators and optical circulators that are integral to optical telecommunications networks and various laser applications. MOKE was widely used as an optical readout technique for logic state of magnetic storage media (hard disk drives), and the MOKE technique offers promise for real-time readout of logic states in new magnetic memory technologies such as MRAM.
Mitigating Thermal And Vibrational Noise
The Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) and the Faraday effect describe the change in polarisation of incident light as it is reflected (or transmitted) by a magnetic material. These effects can be used for modulating the amplitude of light and form the basis of optical isolators and optical circulators that are integral to optical telecommunications networks and various laser applications. MOKE was widely used as an optical readout technique for logic state of magnetic storage media (hard disk drives), and the MOKE technique offers promise for real-time readout of logic states in new magnetic memory technologies such as MRAM.
Considerations For Cryogenic AFM Operation
Cryogenic environments increase the Q-factor of an AFM dramatically, which can amount to an enhanced sensitivity if correctly implemented. This typically requires the operator to understand how the resonator’s properties (amplitude, phase, resonance frequency) change in both magnitude and polarity, the pitfalls that can occur, and how they are manifest in the measurement. While an increase in sensitivity seems desirable, things that were literally ‘in the noise’ in ambient conditions can become formidable at low temperatures.
Variable Temperature Raman And PL Micro-Spectroscopy
Variable temperature Raman analysis of two-dimensional quantum materials is complicated by the limited luminescence (low signal-to-noise ratio) due to their low absorption rate, low conversion efficiency, and often a low laser input power (to avoid heating), especially in low temperature environments. At cryogenic temperatures, acquiring a signal from the material requires either long integration times or complicated optical setups aimed at improving the collection efficiency.
Variable Temperature Raman Micro-Spectroscopy
Compared to other 2D materials, Raman spectroscopy of all carbon-based nanomaterials offers a wealth of information wrapped within the spectral data. In room temperature studies, thermal fluctuations and lattice vibrational modes cause line broadening and local environmental averaging of spectra, which limits the amount of information that can be gleaned from the data. In this case, only strong perturbations of the sample will be sufficient to shift these broadened optical bands. At low temperature, however, spectral lines are narrower and much more insight can be obtained.
Optical Characterisation Of Low-Dimensional Materials
The study of low-dimensional materials is particularly interesting for their potential applications in quantum information, 2D optoelectronics, and bio-sensing. Temperature-dependent measurements are critical for observing interesting sample characteristics. Exploring phase transitions, molecular thermal activities, and crystal structure changes requires precise control over the sample temperature and measurement environment.
