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J. A. Woollam RC2 Spectroscopic Ellipsometer
Ellipsometer with dual rotating compensator technology
The RC2 design builds on 25 years of experience. It combines the best features of previous models with innovative new technology: dual rotating compensators, achromatic compensator design, advanced light source and next-generation spectrometer design. The RC2 is a near-universal solution for the diverse applications of spectroscopic ellipsometry.
The RC2 is the first commercial spectroscopic ellipsometer to collect all 16 elements of the Mueller matrix. Mueller matrix SE allows characterisation of the most advanced samples and nanostructures.
FEATURES
- BEST MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
- Advanced measurement capabilities allow the best accuracy from fast CCD-based ellipsometry
- DUAL ROTATING COMPENSATORS
- Synchronous rotation of two compensators provides high accuracy, high speed, and complete Mueller-matrix measurements
- ACHROMATIC COMPENSATOR DESIGN
- New achromatic compensator design with optimised performance over a wide spectral range. *patent pending
- WIDE SPECTRAL RANGE
- Collect over 1000 wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, all simultaneously
- FAST MEASUREMENT SPEED
- Synchronous operation of both compensators allows highly accurate data without waiting to “zone-average” over optical elements. Collect the entire spectrum (over 1000 wavelengths) simultaneously in a fraction of a second
- ADVANCED DUAL LIGHT SOURCE
- Dual light source for extended spectral range with computer control of beam intensity. Automatically optimise signal on any sample (low or high reflection)
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Applications
Photovoltaics
Film thickness and optical properties are critical to performance of solar devices. Ellipsometry is used for development and monitoring of all PV materials: a-Si, μc-Si, poly-Si, AR Coatings (SiNx, AlNx), TCO Films (ITO, ZnOx, doped SnO2, AZO), CdS, CdTe, CIGS, organic PV materials, and dye sensitised films.
Optical Constants
Thickness measurements are not independent of the optical constants. The film thickness affects the path length of light travelling through the film, but the index determines the light waves’ velocity and refracted angle. Thus, both contribute to the delay between surface reflection and light traveling through the film. Both n and k must be known or determined along with the thickness to get the correct results from an optical measurement.
Laser Optics
Accurate wavelength selection using monochromator allows measurements at the operating wavelength for optics, e.g. 1550nm, 1310nm, 980nm, 632.8nm, 589nm.
Thin Films
The film thickness is determined by interference between light reflecting from the surface and light traveling through the film. Depending on the relative phase of the rejoining light to the surface reflection, interference can be defined as constructive or destructive. The interference involves both amplitude and phase information.
Chemistry/Biology
The M-2000 can be used for a variety of chemical and biological applications, either as a stand-alone tool or in combination with one of our many accessories. Study materials under liquid ambient, at high or low temperatures, or in conjunction with QCM-D measurements.
Conductive Organics
Great progress has occurred in the area of organic layers and stacks used for display (OLED) or photovoltaic applications. There are many different materials being studied, from small molecules such as Alq3 to conjugated polymers such as P3HT. Often multiple materials are blended together – which requires the wide spectral range of the M-2000 – to probe different wavelengths where the organics are optically different. Long-chain molecules may also have significant anisotropy, where orientational stacking of the polymer chains produces different optical constants in different directions
Semiconductors
Traditional ellipsometry applications are still going strong. Characterise any semiconductor material: resists, photomasks, SiON, ONO stacks, low-k dielectrics, high-k gates, SOI, SiGe, II-VI and III-V ternary and quaternary compounds
Lithography
Lithography thin films were an important motivation for the VUV-VASE® development. It has been successfully used to characterise all types of films in this area, including Photoresists and Bottom and Top AR Coatings
Metamaterials & the Meta-6 Layer
For ellipsometry, we usually consider only the electric-field component of the electromagnetic (EM) wave interaction with the material. We ignore the interaction of the magnetic-field component because atoms and molecules tend to have a weak magnetic response to EM waves at optical frequencies. Thus we usually consider only dielectric response (permittivity) and ignore magnetic permeability. However, certain kinds of metamaterials change all of that. Metamaterials consist of an artificially-created array of small structures or particles, usually smaller than the measurement wavelength. These structures or particles can be considered “artificial atoms” or “meta-atoms”, with properties tailored to interact with incoming EM waves in ways generally not observed in naturally occurring materials
